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Illustration of Lithuanian returning dead
Original AI-made illustration based on the descriptions in the sources. Not an official design.
Dosiye No. 031 kuri 446

Lithuanian returning dead

Yitwa kandi: sugrįžtantys numirėliai, numirėlis, walking dead of Lithuania
Imigani n'inkuru za keraAbapfuye bazimaUrupfu rubi cyangwa gushyingurwa nabiIbihe byo hagati

Lithuania kept a strong tradition of the dangerous dead long after its conversion to Christianity. Cemeteries of the 14th to 17th centuries contain bodies deliberately beheaded, dismembered or turned face down, which archaeologists connect with fear of corpses returning. Lithuanian legends collected in modern times still describe meetings with the 'walking dead', usually brought on by disrespect for a grave. The material and the stories together give a Baltic counterpart to the revenant evidence from England and Poland.12

Bashyire ku murwano
Yanditswe bwa mbere
1350
Deviant burials of the 14th-17th centuries; legends recorded by modern folklorists
Inkomoko
Lithuanian
Lituwaniya
Icyayiteye
Urupfu rubi cyangwa gushyingurwa nabi
Folklore names the untimely dead and the very sinful as those who return; the legends add that the living provoke them by disturbing remains or grave goods.
Uko umuntu ahinduka zombi
An unexpected or wrongful death, a sinful life, or interference with the grave.
Ubwenge
Ifite ubwenge buke
Intege nke
  • decapitation of the exhumed corpse
  • burial face down or on the side
  • physical force
  • the intervention of a priest

Yagaragaye bwa mbere ryari?

Isi ya keraIbihe byo hagati1500 kugeza 18991900 kugeza 19671968 kugeza 19992000 kugeza 20092010 kugeza ubu1350

Deviant burials of the 14th-17th centuries; legends recorded by modern folklorists

inyandiko zo ku kibuga

Ibyo amasoko avuga

1

Archaeologist Gintautas Vėlius documented headless, limbless and prone burials in Christian-era Lithuanian cemeteries12

2

He interprets posthumous beheading as exhumation carried out from fear of the returning dead12

3

Many prone male burials contain weapons, suggesting men killed in battle12

4

In legends analysed by Edita Korzonaitė, short tales end with the living person's death and longer ones with a narrow escape12

5

Priests in the legends sometimes use methods with no obvious Christian basis12

Amasoko

  1. Gintautas Vėlius, 'Sugrįžtantys numirėliai' (Returning dead: unconventional burials in medieval Lithuania), Lietuvos istorijos studijos 25 (2010)
  2. Edita Korzonaitė, 'Human contacts with the dead: relationship of fable and reality in folklore', Tautosakos darbai 25 (2003)

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Gaburira igikundi. Nta matangazo, nta bikurikirana, byishyurwa n'umuntu umwe. Agashimwe gatuma bikomeza kuboneka kuri interineti.Tanga agashimwe

Ibihe bimwe: Ibihe byo hagati

DraugrNorse, 1250VetalaHindu (Indian), 1070GlámrNorse (Icelandic saga), 1300Revenant (medieval England)Medieval English, 1100UpiórSlavic, 1100AsvithNorse (Danish chronicle and Icelandic saga), 1200
Gaburira igikundiTanga agashimwe