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Illustration of Lithuanian returning dead
Original AI-made illustration based on the descriptions in the sources. Not an official design.
Dosie No. 031 kati na 446

Lithuanian returning dead

Babengaka mpe: sugrįžtantys numirėliai, numirėlis, walking dead of Lithuania
Masapo mpe makambo ya bankokoMokufi oyo atambolakaLiwa to bokundi ya mabeEleko ya katikati

Lithuania kept a strong tradition of the dangerous dead long after its conversion to Christianity. Cemeteries of the 14th to 17th centuries contain bodies deliberately beheaded, dismembered or turned face down, which archaeologists connect with fear of corpses returning. Lithuanian legends collected in modern times still describe meetings with the 'walking dead', usually brought on by disrespect for a grave. The material and the stories together give a Baltic counterpart to the revenant evidence from England and Poland.12

Bundisa bango
Ekomamaki mbala ya liboso
1350
Deviant burials of the 14th-17th centuries; legends recorded by modern folklorists
Esika awuti
Lithuanian
Litwani
Nini ebimisaka yango
Liwa to bokundi ya mabe
Folklore names the untimely dead and the very sinful as those who return; the legends add that the living provoke them by disturbing remains or grave goods.
Ndenge okokoma zombi
An unexpected or wrongful death, a sinful life, or interference with the grave.
Mayele
Mwa mayele
Bisika ya bolembu
  • decapitation of the exhumed corpse
  • burial face down or on the side
  • physical force
  • the intervention of a priest

Abimaki mbala ya liboso ntango nini?

Mokili ya kalaEleko ya katikati1500 kino 18991900 kino 19671968 kino 19992000 kino 20092010 kino lelo1350

Deviant burials of the 14th-17th centuries; legends recorded by modern folklorists

makomi ya mosala

Oyo maziba ya sango elobi

1

Archaeologist Gintautas Vėlius documented headless, limbless and prone burials in Christian-era Lithuanian cemeteries12

2

He interprets posthumous beheading as exhumation carried out from fear of the returning dead12

3

Many prone male burials contain weapons, suggesting men killed in battle12

4

In legends analysed by Edita Korzonaitė, short tales end with the living person's death and longer ones with a narrow escape12

5

Priests in the legends sometimes use methods with no obvious Christian basis12

Maziba ya sango

  1. Gintautas Vėlius, 'Sugrįžtantys numirėliai' (Returning dead: unconventional burials in medieval Lithuania), Lietuvos istorijos studijos 25 (2010)
  2. Edita Korzonaitė, 'Human contacts with the dead: relationship of fable and reality in folklore', Tautosakos darbai 25 (2003)

Likambo nyonso na lokasa oyo euti na maziba oyo ya sango, ekomami na maloba na biso moko. Omoni libunga? Yebisa biso na [email protected].

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Eleko moko: Eleko ya katikati

DraugrNorse, 1250VetalaHindu (Indian), 1070GlámrNorse (Icelandic saga), 1300Revenant (medieval England)Medieval English, 1100UpiórSlavic, 1100AsvithNorse (Danish chronicle and Icelandic saga), 1200
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