Wiedergänger

E boetse e bitswa: Wiedergaenger, re-walker

Wiedergänger is the German umbrella term for the returning dead, covering everything from shroud-chewing corpses to back-riding night attackers. What they share is physical presence: these are bodies that come back, not just spirits. The belief was still recorded across Germany in the early 20th century, and anomalous burials are regularly interpreted in its light. It is the central European link between the Norse draugr and the Slavic vampire.1 2

Di lwantshe

Tshimoloho

German

Jeremane, Netherlands

Se e bakang

Tse ding

The dead return to avenge an injustice or because their way of life has left the soul unable to depart.

Kamoo o fetohang e nngwe ya tsona kateng

Someone who died wronged, or whose life left them unfit for release.

Bohlale

Bohlale bo itseng

Dintlha tse fokolang

burial face down, away from the churchyard
weighing the body down with stones

dinoutu tsa patlisiso

Seo mehlodi e se buang

The word means 'one who walks again' and matches Scandinavian gjenganger1 2

German folklorists count the Nachzehrer, the Aufhocker and the headless rider as sub-types1 2

In Catholic regions the belief merged with ideas about poor souls, blurring corpse and ghost1 2

A young man buried face down under slate slabs outside a churchyard at Schelluinen in the Netherlands, about 1443, is cited as a precaution against a revenant1 2

Claude Lecouteux's 1987 study traced the type through medieval sources1 2