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Illustration of Lithuanian returning dead
Original AI-made illustration based on the descriptions in the sources. Not an official design.
Dossier nr. 031 van 446

Lithuanian returning dead

Ook wel genoemd: sugrįžtantys numirėliai, numirėlis, walking dead of Lithuania
Folklore en mythenOndoodEen slechte dood of begrafenisMiddeleeuwen

Lithuania kept a strong tradition of the dangerous dead long after its conversion to Christianity. Cemeteries of the 14th to 17th centuries contain bodies deliberately beheaded, dismembered or turned face down, which archaeologists connect with fear of corpses returning. Lithuanian legends collected in modern times still describe meetings with the 'walking dead', usually brought on by disrespect for a grave. The material and the stories together give a Baltic counterpart to the revenant evidence from England and Poland.12

Vecht ertegen
Eerst vastgelegd
1350
Deviant burials of the 14th-17th centuries; legends recorded by modern folklorists
Herkomst
Lithuanian
Litouwen
Wat het veroorzaakt
Een slechte dood of begrafenis
Folklore names the untimely dead and the very sinful as those who return; the legends add that the living provoke them by disturbing remains or grave goods.
Hoe je er een wordt
An unexpected or wrongful death, a sinful life, or interference with the grave.
Intelligentie
Enige intelligentie
Zwakke plekken
  • decapitation of the exhumed corpse
  • burial face down or on the side
  • physical force
  • the intervention of a priest

Wanneer verscheen hij voor het eerst?

OudheidMiddeleeuwen1500 tot 18991900 tot 19671968 tot 19992000 tot 20092010 tot nu1350

Deviant burials of the 14th-17th centuries; legends recorded by modern folklorists

veldnotities

Wat de bronnen zeggen

1

Archaeologist Gintautas Vėlius documented headless, limbless and prone burials in Christian-era Lithuanian cemeteries12

2

He interprets posthumous beheading as exhumation carried out from fear of the returning dead12

3

Many prone male burials contain weapons, suggesting men killed in battle12

4

In legends analysed by Edita Korzonaitė, short tales end with the living person's death and longer ones with a narrow escape12

5

Priests in the legends sometimes use methods with no obvious Christian basis12

Bronnen

  1. Gintautas Vėlius, 'Sugrįžtantys numirėliai' (Returning dead: unconventional burials in medieval Lithuania), Lietuvos istorijos studijos 25 (2010)
  2. Edita Korzonaitė, 'Human contacts with the dead: relationship of fable and reality in folklore', Tautosakos darbai 25 (2003)

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